NURS 611 advanced pathophysiology
NURS 611 advanced pathophysiology
Explain the pathophysiology associate with Type 1 and Type 2 DM.
Type 1 diabetes occurs as a result of the body’s immune system attacking the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. A lack of insulin in the blood means inadequate amounts of glucose are taken up by cells of the body to provide energy for cellular functions. Consequently, glucose remains in the blood leading to a high blood sugar level. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus consists of an array of disfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion NURS 611 – Advanced pathophysiology.
Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism
Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones. This is a condition in which the pituitary gland stops making most or all hormones. Pituitary hormones help control the way many parts of the body work.
List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy. The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy.
Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and SIADH.
Both Diabetes Insipidus (DI) and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) are both disorders of water regulation impacting the release or activity of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) in the body.
In SIADH, Antidiuretic hormone is not suppressed causing significant electrolyte abnormalities and water retention. In Diabetes insipidus (DI), there is either lowered production of Antidiuretic hormone (central DI), or normal Antidiuretic hormone secretion with resistance in the kidneys to its impacts (nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus). The net result of Diabetes insipidus is huge amount of diuresis of dilute urine.
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high.
What causes microvascular complications of DM.
Microvascular complications are as a result NURS 611 – Advanced pathophysiology of capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia.
What is the causes of diabetes insipidus?
Diabetes insipidus is a result of insufficient ADH. NURS 611 advanced pathophysiology.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with Addison’s Disease.
Addison disease is adrenocortical insufficiency due to the destruction or dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex. It affects glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function. The onset of disease usually occurs when 90% or more of both adrenal cortices are dysfunctional or destroyed.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism.
Hypoparathyroidism is a condition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency. Primary hypoparathyroidism is a state of inadequate PTH activity. In the absence of adequate PTH activity, the ionized calcium concentration in the extracellular fluid falls below the reference range. Primary hypoparathyroidism, the subject of this article, is a syndrome resulting from iatrogenic causes or one of many rare diseases. Secondary hypoparathyroidism is a physiologic state in which PTH levels are low in response to a primary process that causes hypercalcemia.
What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from dehydration during a state of relative Insulin deficiency associated with high blood levels of sugar level and organic acids called ketones. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with significant disturbances of the body’s chemistry, which resolve with proper therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis usually occurs in people wit type 1 (juvenile) diabetes mellitus (TIDM), but diabetic ketoacidosis can develop in any person with diabetes. Since type 1 diabetes typically starts before age 25 years, diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in this age group, but it may at any age. Male and female are equally affected NURS 611 – Advanced pathophysiology.
What is acromegaly?
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. When this happens, your bones increase in size, including those of your hands, feet and face. Acromegaly usually affects middle-aged adults.
Differentiate hypothyroidism and Graves’ disease.
Hypothyroidism is a lack of thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is over production of thyroid hormone.
Describe the pathophysiology related to chronic DM.
Chronic symptoms of diabetes of diabetes are due to vascular damage from persistent hyperglycemia. Vascular damage leads to end-organ damage. Other conditions associated with diabetes, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia (as well as smoking) accelerate the development of vascular damage and the chronic complications of diabetes, which are the following: Microvascular complications are a significant cause of morbidity. Persistent hyperglycemia is the major cause of the microvascular complications which are highly specific for diabetes. Retinopathy with potential loss of vision, nephropathy leading to kidney failure, peripheral neuropathy leading to pain, foot ulcers, and limb amputation, automatic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction macrovascular complications are the main cause of mortality. Although persistent hyperglycemia may contribute to macrovascular complications, it is the associated conditions (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking) that account for most of the burden of the macrovascular complications. Coronary heart diseases is the major cause of death for patients with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Unfortunately, many patients with diabetes remain asymptomatic for long periods, so that the first presentation of the disease is frequently a chronic complication. Indeed, NURS 611 – Advanced pathophysiology about 50% of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes will already have developed a vascular.
What happens during hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia occurs when there is an excess of insulin in relation to the available glucose.
What is the metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions – increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar lever, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels NURS 611 – Advanced pathophysiology– that occur together.
Describe how DM causes peripheral neuropathy.
Diabetic neuropathies are a family of nerve disorders caused by diabetes. People with diabetes can, overtime, develop nerve damage throughout the body. Some people with nerve damage have no symptoms. Others may have symptoms such as pain, tingling, or numbness – loss of feeling – in the hands, arms, feet, and legs. Nerve problems can occur in every organ system, including the digestive.